The importance of consumer multihoming (joint purchases) for market performance: Mergers and entry in media markets

Consumer “multihoming” (watching two TV channels, or buying two news magazines) has surprisingly important effects on market equilibrium and performance in (two‐sided) media markets. We show this by introducing consumer multihoming and advertising finance into the classic circle model of product differentiation. When consumers multihome (attend more than one platform), media platforms can charge only incremental value prices to advertisers. Entry or merger leaves consumer prices unchanged under consumer multihoming, but leaves advertiser prices unchanged under single‐homing: Multihoming flips the side of the market on which platforms compete. In contrast to standard circle results, equilibrium product variety can be insufficient under multihoming.     

Ecological integrity as an economic variable: An application to forested landscapes in the southern United States

Ecological integrity is important to fully describe the development of an economy. We calculated an aggregate index that quantifies the closeness of a forested region to a natural state. This naturalness index was based on the diversity of native tree species and sizes for ecological subregions in a seral condition. The index used the spatial–temporal array of sample plots from the Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) database of the USDA Forest Service. In the 70 survey units of the southern US between 1961 and 2005 the naturalness of forests generally improved with per capita personal income and population. The increase with income was consistent with the hypothesis of an environmental Kuznets curve for forested landscapes.     

Prejudice, exclusion, and compensating transfers: the economics of ethnic segregation

Prejudiced groups self-segregate and exclude others. This is observed in South African apartheid, in the exclusion of Eastern European or Muslim immigrants from Western Europe and in ghettos formed by immigrants in many countries. In the United States, minorities (mostly African Americans) are segregated in central cities and wealthier European Americans reside predominantly in the suburbs. A fully closed general equilibrium model of the last case is presented. The model treats land, labor and product markets. Most whites flee the inner city for white-dominated suburbs. This benefits blacks by lowering inner city rents relative to wages. When whites are weakly prejudiced, exclusion from the suburbs hurts whites as well as blacks. But when whites are strongly prejudiced, a lump sum endowment transfer from whites to blacks can split the gains-from-trade: whites can pay transfers to blacks in exchange for blacks accepting exclusion. The transfer needed to compensate blacks is large if blacks are strongly hurt by exclusion and small if they are only slightly hurt. How much transfers to US central cities and to the poor compensate American blacks for the effects of exclusion is an open question.     

Top executive gender diversity and financial reporting quality

We examine whether gender diversity of chief executive and chief financial officers (CEOs and CFOs) is associated with financial reporting quality. The CEOs and CFOs of publicly traded companies are both required to certify the appropriateness of their financial statements and annual disclosures. We argue that gender diverse dyads (groups) of executives can bring different perspectives and professional skepticism to financial reporting. Using a sample of different CEO/CFO gender dyads during 2006–2019, we postulate and find evidence of higher accruals quality among firms led by gender-diverse dyads compared to accruals quality reported by firms led by all-male CEO/CFO pairs. Additional analyses reveal that the auditors of firms with gender-diverse executive dyads issue audit reports later, charge higher audit fees, and are more likely to be one of the Big 4 firms. These findings support the view that top executive gender diversity enhances financial reporting quality, which has important implications for corporate governance mechanisms.     

福建省居民潜在国内出游力的地区差异综合评判

用可拓工程方法和主成份分析方法建立了福建省居民潜在国内出游力的综合评判物元模型,结果表明福建省居民国内出游力的地区差异大。综合评判得出福建省国内居民潜在出游力强弱可划分为4个不同级别;单指标测定出了各地区影响出游力的优劣势,为旅游供给者有针对地市场推广和发挥有限资金效用提供科学证据。     

对新疆民族地区大众传播主要特征的探讨

目前,新疆传媒业已逐步进入竞争和规模化发展的阶段。大众传媒在新疆少数民族地区对新疆民族文化的传承与发展起着越来越重要的作用。准确把握新疆少数民族地区大众传播的特征,对于提高传播质量和效果,促进新疆各民族文化共同繁荣都具有特殊意义。     

Toward a Phylogenetic Reconstruction of Organizational Life

Synopsis Classification is an important activity that facilitates theory development in many academic disciplines. Scholars in fields such as organizational science, management science and economics and have long recognized that classification offers an approach for ordering and understanding the diversity of organizational taxa (groups of one or more similar organizational entities). However, even the most prominent organizational classifications have limited utility, as they tend to be shaped by a specific research bias, inadequate units of analysis and a standard neoclassical economic view that does not naturally accommodate the disequilibrium dynamics of modern competition. The result is a relatively large number of individual and unconnected organizational classifications, which tend to ignore the processes of change responsible for organizational diversity. Collectively they fail to provide any sort of universal system for ordering, compiling and presenting knowledge on organizational diversity. This paper has two purposes. First, it reviews the general status of the major theoretical approaches to biological and organizational classification and compares the methods and resulting classifications derived from each approach. Definitions of key terms and a discussion on the three principal schools of biological classification (evolutionary systematics, phenetics and cladistics) are included in this review. Second, this paper aims to encourage critical thinking and debate about the use of the cladistic classification approach for inferring and representing the historical relationships underpinning organizational diversity. This involves examining the feasibility of applying the logic of common ancestry to populations of organizations. Consequently, this paper is exploratory and preparatory in style, with illustrations and assertions concerning the study and classification of organizational diversity.     

Inclusion climate: A multilevel investigation of its antecedents and consequences

This study investigates the antecedents and consequences of organization‐level inclusion climate. A national sample of human resource decision‐makers from 100 organizations described their firms' formal diversity management programs; 3,229 employees reported their perceptions of, and reactions to, their employers' diversity management. Multilevel analyses demonstrate that identity‐conscious programs (programs that target specific identity groups) generate an inclusion climate. Moreover, the analyses provide evidence of multilevel mediation: In organizations with an inclusion climate, individual employees perceive the organization as fulfilling its diversity management obligations and respond with higher levels of affective commitment. This study represents an important step toward understanding how a shared perception of organizational inclusiveness develops and how inclusion climate facilitates the achievement of diversity management objectives. The findings also shed light on the important role of identity‐conscious programs in promoting organizational commitment within a diverse workforce.     

新疆南北疆沙产业发展差异性及对经济、环境影响研究

研究新疆沙产业区域发展差异性,分析沙产业发展与环境、经济的关系,对加深社会以及相关部门对沙产业的认识具有一定促进作用,也能够一定程度上促进沙产业本身的良性发展。文章选取环塔里木盆地-塔克拉玛干沙漠区域的和田地区与环准噶尔盆地-古尔班通古特沙漠区域的26个县市(兵团)作为主要研究对象,数据来源为实地调查、新疆统计年鉴及新疆各地2013年统计公报等,筛选出当地沙产业发展、经济发展及环境状况的10个具有代表性的指标;运用因子分析、聚类分析等多元统计方法,对调查区26个不同区域的沙产业发展进行了综合评价与分类比较;采用多元线性回归方法,分析了沙产业发展与环境、经济之间的相互关系。研究结果表明:在对经济影响方面,沙产业发展能够轻微改善环境,显著拉动经济;在沙产业发展格局方面,存在"北强南弱"、均衡性不足的问题;在分析沙产业前期发展现状方面,存在"挤出效应"、效益未充分体现的问题;在对比南北疆发展现状方面,存在北疆沙产业发展赶超南疆、后发优势明显的现象。并针对性提出具体的政策建议,即从应对区域发展均衡性不足方面,因地制宜,发展特色沙产业;从削弱"挤出效应"方面,加大科技创新投入,合理规划投资规模;从促进沙产业区域发展方面,扩大北疆后发优势,谋求南疆先发效应。通过该文的研究,能够一定程度消除社会对新疆沙产业发展的认识误区,同时对策建议是基于现实存在的问题而提出的,在解决相关问题上具有一定的现实意义。